Svetlana Isakova

Programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute.—Harold Abelson, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs

Early languages focused on hardware limitations.

Every programming language is a collection of experiments.

We learn from the experiments in each new language.

The original programmers worked directly with numbers representing processor machine instructions.

assembly language was created to replace the numbers with mnemonic opcodes

Higher-level languages help solve that problem by creating a level of abstraction away from low-level assembly languages.

Kotlin is compiled rather than interpreted.

Languages such as C, C++, Go and Rust compile into machine code that runs directly on the underlying hardware central processing unit (CPU)

Languages like Java and Kotlin compile into bytecode which is an intermediate-level format that doesn’t run directly on the hardware CPU, but instead on a virtual machine